Definition:

An unpleasant sensation in the ankle associated with actual or potential tissue damage, and mediated by specific nerve fibers to the brain, where its conscious appreciation may be modified by various factors.

Symptoms:

• Pain in the ankle or foot

Causes:

• Achilles tendinitis
• Achilles tendon rupture
• Avulsion fracture
• Bone spurs
• Broken ankle/broken foot
• Bursitis
• Gout
• Osteoarthritis
• Pseudogout
• Reactive arthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Septic arthritis
• Sprained ankle
• Sprains and strains
• Stress fractures
• Tarsal tunnel syndrome

Treatment:

• ROM and stretching exercises
• Lower extremity strengthening
• Gait program