Definition:

Descriptive of the ankle with a static angular deformity in which the bone distal to the joint deviates medially from the longitudinal axis of the proximal bone, and toward the midline of the body, when the subject is in the anatomical position.

Symptoms:

• Flat foot appearance
• Tenderness in the subfibular
• Foot weakness
• Muscle imbalance
• Prominent medial mallelous

Causes:

• Cerebral palsy
• Spina bifida
• Arthrogryposis
• Down syndrome
• Congenital clubfoot
• Neurofibromatosis
• Hereditary multiple exostoses
• Postaxial hypoplasia
• Skeletal dysplasia
• Trauma

Treatment:

• ROM and stretching
• Foot intrinsic muscle strengthening
• Lower extremity strengthening
• Possible surgical intervention